植物学
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植物学是一门研究植物形态解剖、生长发育、生理生态、系统进化、分类以及与人类的关系的综合性科学,是生物学的分支学科。
目录 |
历史
人类对植物的认识最早可以追溯到旧石器时代,人类在寻找食物的过程中采集了植物的种子、茎、根和果实。植物学的创始人是提奥夫拉斯图(Theophrastus),在他的著作《植物历史》(也称《植物调查》)中将植物进行了分类。 1世纪希腊医生迪奥斯克里德斯(Dioscorides)的著作《药物论》(De Materia Medica)为以后药用植物的使用奠定了基础。1593年中国明朝的李时珍也完成了《本草纲目》的编写。17世纪末英国生物学家雷确立了现代植物分类的基本原理。17世纪,出现了各式各样的显微镜,开创了植物解剖学的研究,随后植物生理学和植物胚胎学也得到进一步的发展,到19世纪中期植物学各分支学科已基本形成。
中国近代植物植物分类学的奠基人是胡先骕,编写了中国第一部中文《高等植物学》,发现了中国的“活化石”水杉,并将其命名。
早期的植物学
植物学的历史包括几个早期文明的著作与植物分类。例如古代印度的宗教著作,古代琐罗亚斯德教的著作,[1]及古代中国的著作.秦汉时期的《神农本草经》是中国最早的药用植物志。[2]
古希腊亚里士多德的学生泰奥弗拉斯托斯(前371–前287)被视为植物学的创始人。[3] 他发明并描述了许多现代植物学的原理。[4]他的两个主要著作--《植物历史》和《植物本原》是古代和中世纪的植物学的重要组成部分,其后的17个世纪一直占重要的地位。[5][4][6] 1世纪希腊医生迪奥斯克里德斯(Dioscorides)的著作《植物志》(De Materia Medica),是一本共5卷的药草百科全书,对其后的1500多年有广泛的影响。[7]中世纪的伊斯兰世界的著作包括Ibn Wahshiyya的Nabatean Agriculture, Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī的 (828–896) Book of Plants,和Ibn Bassal的The Classification of Soils。13世纪早期,Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati和Ibn al-Baitar(d. 1248)也有植物学的著作[8][9][10]
早期的现代植物学
德国医生Leonhart Fuchs(1501–1566)是三位德国植物学之父之一,其余两位是Otto Brunfels(1489–1534)和Hieronymus Bock(1498–1554) 。[11][12]
Valerius Cordus(1515–1544)1546年所写的Dispensatorium是药典中的经典著作.[13] Conrad von Gesner(1516–1565)和Nicholas Culpeper(1616–1654)也写了药用植物的著作. Ulisse Aldrovandi(1522–1605)被认为是“自然历史之父”,他的研究内容包括植物. 1665年, 罗伯特·胡克从树皮切了一片软木薄片,并放到自己发明的显微镜观察到了细胞。[14]1690年英国的雷(J.Ray)首次给物种下定义,依据花和营养器官的性状进行分类,并用一个分类系统处理了18000种植物。[5] 1935年,林奈出版了《自然系统》一书,在这本书中,林奈把自然界分成植物界、动物界和矿物界,并将动物和植物按纲、目、属、种、变种5个等级归类,特别是他在1953年发表的《植物种志》中对7300种植物正式使用了双名法进行命名。[15][16]
随着植物解剖学和植物形态学及生命周期的知识的发展,人们意识到植物间的亲缘不止是林奈所描述的那样。 Adanson(1763), 安托万·罗兰·德朱西厄(1789)和奥古斯丁·彼拉姆斯·德堪多(1819)所提出的分类系统调整得到广泛的接受。进化论中的自然选择概念的提出,使人们开始了植物的进化关系和系统发育分类的研究。[17][18]
马蒂亚斯·雅各布·施莱登1838年发表了《植物发生论》(Grundzuge der Wissenschaftlichen),书中指出细胞是植物的结构单位,这本书对植物学有很大的影响。[19] 卡尔·路德维希·韦尔登诺分析了种子散布与分布,植物种群,地质历史的影响之间的联系,并开创了植物地理学. 1831年罗伯特·布朗发现了细胞核.[20]
现代植物学
近30多年来,分子生物学和近代技术科学,以及数学、物理学、化学的新概念和新技术被引入到植物学领域,植物学科在微观和宏观的研究上均取得了突出成就,无论在研究的深度和广度上都达到了一个新的水平。[21]当今相当多的新知识都是从研究模式植物而来的,如拟南芥。这种十字花科的杂草物种是最早的基因组测序植物之一。水稻基因组相对较小,同时国际水稻基因定序工程也把它定为重要的谷物/草/单子叶植物模型。[22] 另一个草物种Brachypodium distachyon也是一个有助理解遗传学,细胞学和分子生物学的实验模型。[23] 对其他重要的商业主粮如小麦, 玉米, 大麦, 黑麦,御谷和大豆都有基因组测序。其中部分植物对基因组测序是一个挑战,因为他们的染色体中有两个以上的单倍体[24]。另外,一种绿色水藻Chlamydomonas reinhardtii作为模式生物,给细胞生物学提供了重要的知识。[25]
研究领域与重要性
以前所有生命都被分成动物或植物,[27]而植物学就是专门研究那些动物以外的生物。 现在植物的定义是通过光合作用从太阳光中获得能量的生物,或者是无叶绿素的寄生植物. 而以前植物学则包括细菌,真菌,地衣,非绿藻类水藻和病毒。不过植物学家仍很关注这些物种,而真菌和原生生物也包含在植物学课程内。[28][29]
对植物的研究是很重要的,因为植物是生物的基本组成部分,他们生产人类和其他生物赖以生存的氧气和食物。此外,植物能防止土壤侵蚀而且对水文循环有极大影响 。[30] 古植物学是研究古植物化石记录的分支学科。普遍认为在地球的早期历史中,光合作用植物产生的氧气改变了古代地球的全球大气环境.[31]
人体营养
生命过程的基本原理
药物和原料
环境改变
生态学
进化
生理学
结构
分类学
研究对象
植物解剖和形态
植物解剖学是研究植物细胞和组织的结构,而植物的形态是其外部形式的研究。所有的植物是多细胞真核生物,其储存在细胞核中的DNA。
注释
- ↑ Iyer 2009, p. 117.
- ↑ 北京市园林学校 1990, p. 10.
- ↑ 中国数字植物标本馆 2006.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Greene 1909, pp. 140–142.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 周云龙 2004, p. 10.
- ↑ Bennett & Hammond 1902, p. 30.
- ↑ Mauseth 2003, p. 532.
- ↑ Dallal 2010, p. 197.
- ↑ Panaino 2002, p. 93.
- ↑ Levey 1973, p. 116.
- ↑ National Museum of Wales 2007.
- ↑ Yaniv & Bachrach 2005, p. 157.
- ↑ Sprague 1939.
- ↑ Waggoner 2001.
- ↑ 周云龙 2004, p. 11.
- ↑ Capon 2005, pp. 220–223.
- ↑ Ereshefsky 1997, pp. 493–519.
- ↑ Gray & Sargent 1889, pp. 292–293.
- ↑ Morton 1981, p. 377.
- ↑ Harris 2000, pp. 76–81.
- ↑ 周云龙 2004, p. 12.
- ↑ Devos & Gale 2000.
- ↑ University of California-Davis 2012.
- ↑ 这种情况称作多倍体,在植物中很常见
- ↑ Ben-Menahem 2009, p. 5370.
- ↑ Ben-Menahem 2009, p. 5368.
- ↑ Chapman et al. 2001, p. 56.
- ↑ Capon 2005, pp. 10–11.
- ↑ Mauseth 2003, pp. 1–3.
- ↑ Gust 1996.
- ↑ Cleveland Museum of Natural History 2012.
参考文献
- Bold, H. C. et al. 1987. Morphology of plants and fungi, 5th ed. NY: HarperCollins Publisher. 912 pp. ISBN 0-06-040839-1
网络来源
- 植物学发展简史. 2006 [August 31, 2012].
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- Gust, Devens. Why Study Photosynthesis?. Arizona State University [February 26, 2012].
- McNeill, J.; Barrie, F. R.; Burdet, H. M.; Demoulin, V.. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code) Adopted by the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria, July 2005. Vienna: International Association for Plant Taxonomy [March 4, 2012].. Note that as the ICN is not yet online, all references are to the previous Vienna Code. Preamble, para. 7
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书籍与期刊
科普
- Attenborough, David. The Private Life of Plants. London: British Broadcasting Corporation (TV), Edbury Publishing – BBC Books (print). 1995. ISBN 0-563-37023-8.
- Bellamy, David. Bellamy on Botany. London: Edbury Publishing – BBC Books. 1972. ISBN 0-563-10666-2.
- Ben-Menahem, Ari. Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, 1. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 2009. ISBN 3-540-68831-5.
- Capon, Brian. Botany for Gardeners. 2nd. Portland, OR: Timber Publishing. 2005. ISBN 0-88192-655-8.
- Capon, Brian. Botany for Gardeners. 3rd. Portland, OR: Timber Publishing. 2010. ISBN 1-60469-095-X.
- Cohen, Joel E.. How Many People Can the Earth Support?. London: W. W. Norton. 1996. ISBN 0-393-31495-2.
- Dallal, Ahmad. Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-300-15911-0.
- Grene, Marjorie Glicksman; Depew, David J.. The Philosophy of Biology: An Episodic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2004. ISBN 0-521-64371-6.
- Halle, Francis. In Praise of Plants. Portland, OR: Timber Publishing. 2002. ISBN 0-88192-550-0.
- Iyer, Meena. Faith & Philosophy of Zoroastrianism. Delhi, India: Kalpaz Publications. 2009. ISBN 978-81-7835-724-9.
- King, John. Reaching for the Sun: How Plants Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997. ISBN 0-521-58738-7.
- Morton, A. G.. History of Botanical Science. Academic Press. 1981.
- Pakenham, Thomas. Meetings with Remarkable Trees. London: Random House. 1996. ISBN 0-375-75268-4.
- Pakenham, Thomas. Remarkable Trees of the World. London: W. W. Norton. 2002. ISBN 0-393-04911-6.
- Pollan, Michael. The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-eye View of the World. New York: Public Broadcasting System (TV), Random House (print). 2001. ISBN 0-375-50129-0.
- Thomas, Barry A.. The Evolution of Plants and Flowers. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1981. ISBN 0-312-27271-5.
- Walker, David. Energy, Plants and Man. 2nd. Sheffield, England: Oxygraphics Ltd. 1992. ISBN 1-870232-05-4.
- Yaniv, Zohara; Bachrach, Uriel. Handbook of Medicinal Plants. Binghampton, NY: Haworth Press. 2005. ISBN 1-56022-994-2.
学术研究
- 北京市园林学校. 植物学. 北京: 北京科学技术出版社. 1990. ISBN 7-5304-0706-6.
- 周云龙. 植物生物学(第2版). 北京: 高等教育出版社. 2004. ISBN 7-04-014596-0.
- Acharya, Deepak; Anshu, Shrivastava. Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices. Jaipur, India: Aavishkar Publishers. 2008. ISBN 81-7910-252-1.
- Bennett, Charles E.; Hammond, William A.. The characters of Theophrastus – Introduction. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.. 1902 [June 27, 2012].
- Butz, Stephen D.. Science of Earth Systems. 2. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning. 2007. ISBN 1-4180-4122-X.
- Cavalier-Smith, Thomas. Only Six Kingdoms of Life (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 2004, 271: 1251–1262. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705. PMID 15306349. PMC 1691724.
- Crawford, R. M. M.. Studies in Plant Survival: An Ecophysical Examination of Plant Distribution (Studies in Ecology). Oxford: Blackwell Science. 1988. ISBN 0-632-01475-X.
- Chapman, Jasmin; Horsfall, Peter; O'Brien, Pat; Murphy, Jan; MacDonald, Averil. Science Web. Cheltenham, GB: Nelson Thornes. 2001. ISBN 0-17-438746-6.
- Chase, Mark W.; Bremer, Birgitta; Bremer, Kåre; Reveal, James L.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Stevens, Peter S.. An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the Orders and Families of Flowering Plants: APG II (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 2003, 141: 399–436. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x.
- Copeland, Herbert Faulkner. The Kingdoms of Organisms. Quarterly Review of Biology. 1938, 13: 383–420. doi:10.1086/394568.
- Devos, Katrien M.; Gale, M. D.. Genome Relationships: The Grass Model in Current Research. The Plant Cell. American Society of Plant Physiologists. May 2000, 12 (5): 637–646. doi:10.2307/3870991. PMID 10810140. PMC 139917.
- Ereshefsky, Marc. The Evolution of the Linnaean Hierarchy. Biology and Philosophy. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1997, 12 (4). doi:10.1023/A:1006556627052.
- Gordh, Gordon; Headrick, D. H.. A Dictionary of Entomology. Cambridge, MA: CABI Publishing. 2001. ISBN 0-85199-291-9.
- Gray, Asa; Sargent, Charles. Scientific Papers of Asa Gray: Selected by Charles Sprague Sargent. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. 1889 [February 26, 2012].
- Greene, Edward Lee. Landmarks of botanical history: a study of certain epochs in the development of the science of botany: part 1, Prior to 1562 A.D.. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 1909.
- Harris, Henry. The Birth of the Cell. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 2000. ISBN 0-300-08295-9.
- Hoek, Christiaan; Mann, D. G.; Jahns, H. M.. Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-521-30419-9.
- Levey, Martin. Early Arabic Pharmacology: An Introduction Based on Ancient and Medieval Sources. Leiden: Brill Archive. 1973. ISBN 978-90-04-03796-0.
- Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. Botane (βοτάνη). Oxford: Clarendon Press via Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University. 1940.
- Mann, J.. Secondary Metabolism, 2nd ed.. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1987. ISBN 0-19-855529-6.
- Matthews, R. E. F.. Fundamentals of Plant Virology. Waltham, MA: Academic Press. 1992. ISBN 0-12-480558-2.
- Mauseth, James D.. Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology. 3rd. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. 2003. ISBN 0-7637-2134-4.
- Mauseth, James D.. Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology. 4th. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. 2008. ISBN 0-7637-5345-9.
- Panaino, Antonio. Ideologies as Intercultural Phenomena: Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium of the Assyrian and Babylonian Intellectual Heritage Project, Held in Chicago, USA, October 27–31, 2000. Bologna: Mimesis Edizioni. 2002. ISBN 978-88-8483-107-1.
- Raven, Peter H.; Curtis, Helena. Biology of Plants. 1st. New York: Worth Publishers. 1970.
- Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray H.. Biology of Plants. 6th revised. New York: W. H. Freeman. 1998. ISBN 1-57259-041-6.
- Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray H.; Eichhorn, Susan E.. Biology of Plants. 7th. New York: W. H. Freeman. 2005. ISBN 0-7167-1007-2.
- Ridge, Irene. Plants. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2002. ISBN 0-19-925548-2.
- Scharf, Sara T.. Identification Keys, the "Natural Method," and the Development of Plant Identification Manuals. Journal of the History of Biology. 2009, 42 (1): 73–117. doi:10.1007/s10739-008-9161-0.
- Scharlemann, J. P. W.; Laurance, W. F.. How Green are Biofuels?. Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 2008, 319.
- Sprague, T. A.. The Herbal of Valerius Cordus. The Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Linnean Society of London. 1939, LII (341).
- Silyn-Roberts, Heather. Writing for Science and Engineering: Papers, Presentation. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 2000. ISBN 0-7506-4636-5.
- Strange, Richard N.. Introduction to Plant Pathology. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. 2003. ISBN 0-470-84973-8.
- Walter, Heinrich. Vegetation of the Earth. 3rd revised. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1985. ISBN 0-387-13748-3.
- Willis, Kathy; McElwain, Jenny. The Evolution of Plants. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2002. ISBN 0-19-850065-3.
- Woese, C. R.; Balch, W. E.; Magrum, L. J.; Fox, G. E.; Wolfe, R. S.. An Ancient Divergence Among the Bacteria. Journal of Molecular Evolution. August 1977, 9 (4): 305–311. doi:10.1007/BF01796092. PMID 408502.
- Woese, C.; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M.. Towards a Natural System of Organisms: Proposal for the Domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 1990, 87 (12). doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMID 2112744. PMC 54159.
- 环境植物学
- Crawley, Michael J.. Plant Ecology. 2nd. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. 1997. ISBN 0-632-03639-7.
- Ennos, Roland; Sheffield, Elizabeth. Plant Life. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. 2000. ISBN 0-86542-737-2.
- Everitt; Lonard; Little, C. R.. Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University Press. 2007. ISBN 0-89672-614-2.
- Richards, P. W.. The Tropical Rainforest. 2nd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1996. ISBN 0-521-42194-2.
- Stace, Clive Anthony. A New Flora of the British Isles. 2nd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997. ISBN 0-521-58935-5.
- 植物生理学
- Bowsher, Caroline G.; Steer, M. W.; Tobin, A. K.. Plant Biochemistry. 2nd. New York: Garland Science, Taylor & Francis. 2008. ISBN 0-8153-4121-0.
- Buchanan, Bob B.; Gruissem, Wilhelm; Jones, Russell L.. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. 2000. ISBN 0-943088-39-9.
- Fitter, Alastair H.; Hay, Robert K. M.. Environmental Physiology of Plants. 3rd. New York: Harcourt Publishers, Academic Press. 2001. ISBN 0-12-257766-3.
- Lambers, Hans; Chapin III, Francis Stuart; Pons, Thijs Leendert. Plant Physiological Ecology. New York: Springer Science. 1998. ISBN 0-387-98326-0.
- Lambers, Hans; Chapin III, Francis Stuart; Pons, Thijs Leendert. Plant Physiological Ecology. 2nd. New York: Springer Science. 2008. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78341-3. ISBN 978-0-387-78340-6.
- Lawlor, David W.. Photosynthesis. 3rd. New York: Garland Science. 2000. ISBN 1-85996-157-6.
- Salisbury; Ross, Cleon W.. Plant Physiology. 4th. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing. 1992. ISBN 0-534-15162-0.
- Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardo. Plant Physiology. Redwood City, CA: Benjamin/Cummings Publishing. 1991. ISBN 0-8053-0245-X.
- Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardo. Plant Physiology. 3rd. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. 2002. ISBN 0-87893-823-0.
- Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardo. Plant Physiology. 4th. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. 2006. ISBN 0-87893-856-7.
- Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardor. Plant Physiology. 5th. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. 2010. ISBN 0-87893-866-4.
外部链接
- 开放式目录计划中的Botany相关内容
- Botany databases at the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation
- High quality pictures of plants and information about them from Catholic University of Leuven
- Native Plant Information Network
- USDA plant database
- The Virtual Library of Botany
- 中国数字植物标本馆
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